Sufficient reason

"There must be a sufficient reason [often known only to God] for anything to exist, for any event to occur, for any truth to obtain."

 LEIBNIZ AND MONADOLOGIE

The monads

Leibniz's best known contribution to metaphysics is his theory of monads, as exposited in Monadologie. Monads are to the metaphysical realm what atoms are to the physical/phenomenal.[citation needed] They can also be compared to the corpuscles of the Mechanical Philosophy of René Descartes and others. Monads are the ultimate elements of the universe. The monads are "substantial forms of being" with the following properties: they are eternal, indecomposable, individual, subject to their own laws, un-interacting, and each reflecting the entire universe in a pre-established harmony (a historically important example of panpsychism). Monads are centers of force; substance is force, while space, matter, and motion are merely phenomenal.

The ontological essence of a monad is its irreducible simplicity. Unlike atoms, monads possess no material or spatial character. They also differ from atoms by their complete mutual independence, so that interactions among monads are only apparent. Instead, by virtue of the principle of pre-established harmony, each monad follows a preprogrammed set of "instructions" peculiar to itself, so that a monad "knows" what to do at each moment. (These "instructions" may be seen as analogs of the scientific laws governing subatomic particles.) By virtue of these intrinsic instructions, each monad is like a little mirror of the universe. Monads need not be "small"; e.g., each human being constitutes a monad, in which case free will is problematic. God, too, is a monad, and the existence of God can be inferred from the harmony prevailing among all other monads; God wills the pre-established harmony

  

             

Common Lighting Terminology

Ambient Light	The light already present in a scene, before any additional lighting is added.
Incident Light	Light seen directly from a light source (lamp, sun, etc).
Reflected Light	Light seen after having bounced off a surface.
Colour Temperature	A standard of measuring the characteristics of light, measured in kelvins.
Contrast Ratio	The difference in brightness between the brightest white and the darkest black within an image.
Key Light	The main light on the subject, providing most of the illumination and contrast.
Fill Light	A light placed to the side of the subject to fill out shadows and balance the key light.
Back Light	A light placed at the rear of a subject to light from behind.
Hard Light	Light directly from a source such as the sun, traveling undisturbed onto the subject being lit.
Soft Light	Light which appears to "wrap around" the subject to some degree. Produces less shadows or softer shadows.
Spot	A controlled, narrowly-focused beam of light.
Flood	A broad beam of light, less directional and intense than a spot.
Tungsten	Light from an ordinary light bulb containing a thin coiled tungsten wire that becomes incandescent (emits light) when an electric current is passed along it. Tungsten colour temperature is around 2800K to 3400K. Also known as incandescent light.
Halogen	Type of lamp in which a tungsten filament is sealed in a clear capsule filled with a halogen gas.
Fresnel	A light which has a lens with raised circular ridges on its outer surface. The fresnel lens is used to focus the light beam.
Incandescent	Incandescent lamps produce heat by heating a wire filament until it glows. The glow is caused by the filament's resistance to the current and is called incandescence.

Why PGDJMC?

I am, pursuing my PG Diploma in Journalism and Mass Communication, for a good career in Mass media as a Journalist. This course is very helpful and it provides a complete package by dealing with the different branches of Mass Media, like Print, Electronic, Radio and the New Media that is Internet. It also contains study of Advertising and Public Relations. So this course provides a wide spectrum with so many options to the students who want to join the Mass Media Industry.

I also want to do something for the upliftment of the down trodden people basically those belonging to rural areas, as I also belong to village and I know the problems that they are facing and this course and career in media will provide me a platform for this. One important aspect of this course is Development Communication, which teaches the importance of Mass Media and how it is helpful in the process of development. Development Communication also deals with the development of Rural, Tribal and Slum areas and the role of NGOs in social development.

So, overall this course is capable of fulfilling my need but in the last I just want to say one thing that I joined this course because I thought that this course will provide me a opportunity to stay in Dayalbagh for Satsang and Seva and secondly my aim was to get some sort of certificate or diploma from Dayalbagh Educational Institute. In the beginning I was not serious about this course, instead of Journalist my aim was to become a Teacher or a Civil Servant but after joining this course my thought process changed and I found the importance of this course.

BOOK REVIEW: RATANSAGAR by Sant Tulsi Sahab

RatanSagar, is written by Sant Tulsi Sahab of Hathras ,(UP) ,this book contains the mystic verses (Shabdavali) of Sant Tulsi Sahab.Sant TulsiSahab was prince of Pune but He renounced the world and started his satsang in Hathras. Sant TulsiSahab is different from TulsiDas writer of Ramcharitmanas.He wrote many useful books like GhatRamayan, Padamsagar and RatanSagar, these books contain the mystic verses and metaphysical elements.

I like this book very much and now and then I go through this, as its name is RatanSagar i.e. Ocean of Jewels, so it is full of knowledge and information which leads you on the path of Ultimate Reality and Supreme Bliss. I have chosen this book because today in materialistic world no one likes to read these type of books instead they give preference to novels and story books for time pass and they think that these type of books are boring and are of no use but they are totally mistaken, in this life of stress and strain, these types of books are really helpful and they also give strength to our moral values.

RatanSagar, is divided into different sections, it is written in poetic form and it contains the worlds of Hindi, Urdu and Persian language. First section of the book explains how creation came in to existence and its process, it is written in question and answer format. Karma theory, importance of satsang, sufferings of birth and death, Incarnations, process of death, importance of kaliyuga, are also explained in this section.

Book is divided into other different sections and subsections and they contain vivid topics and examples like, How Saints save their disciples from evil powers and negativity, sufferings of hell, grace of the Saints, rules and regulations for a householder, reality of Satyug and other yugas,Sant Desh or Abode of the Saints, how to eradicate desire and negative elements like Kama, krodh, lobh, moh, ahamnkar i.e. lust, anger, greed etc and weakness of human being.

So, many examples are given in the book to explain the metaphysical elements in an easier way, some such examples are dialogue between frog and Hans and story of two bird’s pinduki and pinduka.

Firstly, I will take the example of frog and Hans, in this example it is explained that we human beings are like frogs and we don’t know about the inner world or the creation we just have the knowledge about our planet and Saints and Incarnations are like Hans they come on this planet to give us knowledge about the Ocean i.e. Pure Spiritual Region, but like frogs we argue with them on the basis of our limited knowledge perceived by our five senses and we forget this thing that they are reservoir of knowledge and wisdom.

Here, I am giving some quotes from the book related to story of frog; these lines explain that we are like frog of the pond with limited knowledge and full of disbelief.

Mendhak man yah manusya kahaya sansai ke bhav koop rahaya
Samundar Sant Hans jahan basaa Mansarovar sada nivasa

Vah jar kahe koop ki baatain Surat samundar Hans samate
Mendhak man bas jeev bichara yah kahan jaane vaar aur paara

So in the last I just want to say that I love this book, it is not just a book but a guide, teacher, counselor and a friend, I suggest you to read this book as it has the power to bring spiritual and moral change in you but the problem is that this book is available at few places only and second thing is that it is written in local dialect with lots of Urdu and Persian worlds, so it is not every ones cup of tea.

BOOK REVIEW : NIRMALA by PREMCHAND

Nirmala is written by great Hindi writer Munsi Premchand Ji, his life was full of struggles and miseries but he achieved greatness in the literary world through his hard work and will power. His works are based on the prevailing social problems as he also belongs to the same social strata.
I got this book from my colleague Shaalini, she liked this novel very much so I also thought to read this book to find out its specialty and after reading this book I realized the cause for the greatness of Munsi Premchand. This book is based on harsh realities of the life and society, this novel is fully based on realisticism, in Hindi we call it as yatharthvaad.

This book is woven around the female characters and the problems they are facing, this book fully justifies the gender problem and it also provides solution for that, hence we can see that the name of the book is on the name of the main female character “ Nirmala” and whole play revolves around her, and writer has beautifully shown the problems related to females like dowry, widow marriage, female as property of male, her exploitation, early marriage etc.

Play portrays the life of Nirmala from her early childhood to old age, and it shows the up and downs faced by her and how she tackled them, it also shows the balance that Nirmala tried to maintain in her life, writer has not exaggerated the fighting power of Nirmala she is portrayed as a normal character of the society, simple with heart of wax. She is shown as a typical Indian women burning her as a candle and giving light to her family. She was married to a man of old age who had three children’s already because her mother did not have enough money for dowry, and Nirmala compromised with the situation by thinking that it is her destiny. But it was not an end to her problem she faced so many problems later on, even her loyalty was questioned by her husband, and on every front of life she got the defeat, her whole life passed like this and no one cared about her and her feelings, in the last she died suffering with diseases both physical and mental and she got the liberation from cage of her mortal body.

But before dying the words said by her are very important they show the nobleness and purity of her heart, I will quote them as it is “poorav janm mein naa jaane kaun se paap kiye thae jiska prayaschit karna pada is janam mein kante boti to kaun gati hoti”.

I will say this is an extraordinary play giving the message to eradicate the social evils and the orthodox norms of the society one should must read this book as it has power to change the thought process and motivates to work for the upliftment of the society.